Atha Sup supa
This is the way Panini has started his discussion on the SAMASA in Ashatadhyayi,
the first systematic grammar book in Sanskrit where the sutras of the earlier grammarians are been jotted down in a convenient patterns for the users.
Panini is saying, “Samartha Padavidhihi, pada sambandhi yo vidhihi sa samarthasrito bodhya.” Saman artha yukta shabda visaye yo bidhi arthat niyamam so padartha bidhi. Yatha “Ragna Purusho” arthat Rajadhin Purusho i.e. one who works under the king or Rajapurusha.
In Panini Grammar it is mentioned that, Kadare Karmadharaye is the last sutra of SAMASA. Previously the grammarian said “prak Kadarat samasa”, which means the sutras in between is the first type of samasa which is called Tatpurusha samasa . There are 4 main types of samasas, tatpurusha is one of those , which is not having anything to do with “tat’ and “purush”. “Para padasya artha pradhanam tatpurusha, where as “Purva padasya artha pradhanam abyayibhaba “ and “ anya padasya artha pradhanam bahubrihi , tatha “dyoyo padayo artha pradhanam dwanda and “samkhya purvak dwigu.”
Karmadharaya is the samasa or compound of noun and adjective. Visheshya –visheshanayoha samasa hi karmadharayo.
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Explanation of Sup supa
Sanskrit and Other Classical Languages
Sanskrit is one of the languages of Indo-European family. Indo-European is the name given to the family of languages to which Sanskrit belongs. The name is based on the fact that this family covers most of Europe and extends eastward as far as northern India, with a total body of speakers of nearly one and a half billion. Indo-Germanic is a synonymous term preferred by German linguists based on the fact that it includes the easternmost and western most members of the family.
Sanskrit has its close relationship with other classical Languages of Indo-European group like, Latin Greek, French, German etc,. For Example the numerals from one to ten are mostly similar in these languages. In Italian Sie- six, settle- seven, otto- eight, nove- nine, etc. The words of closes family relationship like father, mother, sister, brother, etc. as well as a number of other fundamental words of Sanskrit resemble with other classical languages of this family. For example: Bhratr in the Sanskrit, Brother in the German, bhratheir in the Irish brat in the Russian, beradar in the Persian. Pitr in the Sanskrit, Frater in the Latin Pharater in Greek.
Some other similarities can be found between Sanskrit and other classical Languages.
Sanskrit German Greek Latin English
Matri Mutter Mateera Mater mother
Sunus Sohn Yas Natus Son
Svasri Schwester altheffee sorror sister
Apas, jalam wasser neero acqua water
Dvi zwei theeo duo two
Ashta acht okta Octo eight
The verbal system of Avestan so clearly resembles with that of Sanskrit, that a student of Sanskrit after mastering Avestan phonology can easily understand Sanskrit. The Slavic language which is one of the chief languages of Satam group of Indo-Uropean languages outside Asia, has many resemblances. Not only in the languages but similarities can be found between Slavic and Indian Culture.
Curiously enough, the Sanskrit Imperative Ending -u seems to be preserved in some Gothic imperative forms of the third person singular and plural like at-steigadau, lingandau. It is evidently the same- au which is evident in all the quotable forms of passive optative in Gothic.
The peculiar perfect endings in Sanskrit veda, vettha, veda have their exact counter parts in Greek, oida, oistha, oide. The endings of reduplicating perfects are not so easily reconcilable, but see, Greek.: gegona, and in Sanskrit yajna.
In perfect tense, Latin has generalized the medial endings. Thus tutudi, though in meaning identical with Sanskrit tutoda, agrees in form more with Sanskrit tutude, tutudai.
From the above illustrations, it is clear that the Sanskrit language has many resemblances with other classical languages of Indo-European group like, Latin, Greek, German, Iranian, Slavic etc
Sanskrit and Modern Indian Languages
Languages spoken in India belong to various language families like (i) Indo- European Family, (ii) Dravidian Family (iii) Austric, (iv) Sino-Tibetan etc, which include 179 languages and about 544 dialects. The languages spoken in North India are called Indo-Aryan Languages and come under Indo- European Family. The languages spoken in South India belong to Dravidian family. The Languages of Kashmir and Assam belong to Sino-Tibetan Family. Some dialects of Andaman and Nikobar Islands, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Orissa belong to Austric Family.
The geographical position of a language has very often had a great deal of positive influence upon its development. So Sanskrit being the oldest language of India has influenced all other languages of India, even those, which have not directly originated from it. There are ample evidences that all the languages of Indo-Aryan Group are the offsprings of Sanskrit Languages. Sanskrit is considered to be the mother of most of Indian Languages except Dravidian Family.
All the Modern Indian Languages, like, Hindi, Marathi, Gujrati, Oriya, Bengali, Sindhi, Maithili, Kashmiri, Assamese, Konkani, Rajsthani, Manipuri, Punjabi etc., have been enriched with the words of Sanskrit. Sanskrit has influenced other languages also which have not originated from it, like Urdu and the Dravidian languages like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.
Another Evidence of the influence of Sanskrit on the Modern Indian Languages is its literary component. The Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the two oldest epics of Sanskrit are the sources of many other literatures the Ramacaritamanasa in Hindi by Tulasidas, the Adhyatmaramayana in Malayalam by Ramanuja Eutachh, the Kambaramayana in Tamil by Kamban, the Mullaramayana in Telugu and the Krttibasaramayana on Bangla by Krttivasab. The notable evidence of the influences of Sanskrit language on modern Indian languages is the literary heritage of it.
Arthashastra - The most famous book of economics in India
From Indian epigraphical researches it is known beyond doubt that Mourya king Chandragupta was made king in 321B.C. and that Asoka-vardhana ascended the throne in 296 B.C. It follows, therefore, that Kautilya lived and wrote his famous work, the Arthasastra, some where between 321 and 300 B.C.
Kuta = Kutila = Crooked and very tricky person. In Kutila the characteristic of Kutilata is there, the dictionary meaning of Kautilyaha is a tricky, crooked, diplomatic person. The political situation in which Chankya, the closest associate of Chandragupta was born made him the most crooked of the age who could establish a king , made him the most powerful of that time and strengthen the root of Maurya dynasty in which the king like Samudra gupta and Chandragupta the 2nd had extended a huge kingdom in the next decades.
Chanakya or Vishnugupta’s renowned work “ KAUTILIYA ARTHASASTRAM” ,is an exceptional work on the politics, Kamandaka said about the book :-
“Neetisastramritam dheemanarthasastramahodadhehe. Samudadhre namastasmai Vishnuguptaya vadhase.” - Kamandakiya Neetisara, by Kamandak.
In the policy of the state the use of “SAAMA-DANA-BHEDA-DANDA” has taken a new turn in the book of the most diplomatically efficient minister of the post ancient dynasties of India.
Arthasastra is having15 chapters which are divided into several books. Rajadharma, Danda neeti, Trayee (three Vedas), Briddha samyojagam (getting scholars in to the advisory board), Chaturvarga purushartha, Rajarshi Vrittim( duties of a king), Amatya( making of minister according to their capabilities), Mantri( creation of the office of ministers),Samastha Utpatti ( creation of the group of spies), Pranidhi Sanchar( creation of the wandering spies), Duta pranidhi( the mission of envoys), Rajaputra rakshanam( protection of the princes), Pratyahika karmani(daily duties), Shatru nidhanam (destruction of the enemy), Atmarakshanam (personal safety) are some of the contents of the first book only. With other 14 books Arthasastra is realy a huge and elaborate work of Chankya which seems to be the indispensable guide for politicians and diplomats even now.
Book 2 is referring the duties of the government superintendents (formation of village, division of land, construction of forts, duty of the chamberlain, revenue collection, revenue collector’s office and code of conducts for the government servants, royal treasury, superintendent of commerce, etc.
While narrating Arthasastra, Kautilya gave attention to even pretty small things. Starting from destruction of enemies to laws, removal of thorns (Rajya nishkantakm), sovereign states, natural calamities, vices, work of invader; basically entire Royal policies has been discussed in Arthasastra.
In the study of economics we get many books written by foreign and as well as Indian scholars. But Arthasastra is unparallel as the single book for versatile discussion on all aspects of diplomatic angles.
Kuta = Kutila = Crooked and very tricky person. In Kutila the characteristic of Kutilata is there, the dictionary meaning of Kautilyaha is a tricky, crooked, diplomatic person. The political situation in which Chankya, the closest associate of Chandragupta was born made him the most crooked of the age who could establish a king , made him the most powerful of that time and strengthen the root of Maurya dynasty in which the king like Samudra gupta and Chandragupta the 2nd had extended a huge kingdom in the next decades.
Chanakya or Vishnugupta’s renowned work “ KAUTILIYA ARTHASASTRAM” ,is an exceptional work on the politics, Kamandaka said about the book :-
“Neetisastramritam dheemanarthasastramahodadhehe. Samudadhre namastasmai Vishnuguptaya vadhase.” - Kamandakiya Neetisara, by Kamandak.
In the policy of the state the use of “SAAMA-DANA-BHEDA-DANDA” has taken a new turn in the book of the most diplomatically efficient minister of the post ancient dynasties of India.
Arthasastra is having15 chapters which are divided into several books. Rajadharma, Danda neeti, Trayee (three Vedas), Briddha samyojagam (getting scholars in to the advisory board), Chaturvarga purushartha, Rajarshi Vrittim( duties of a king), Amatya( making of minister according to their capabilities), Mantri( creation of the office of ministers),Samastha Utpatti ( creation of the group of spies), Pranidhi Sanchar( creation of the wandering spies), Duta pranidhi( the mission of envoys), Rajaputra rakshanam( protection of the princes), Pratyahika karmani(daily duties), Shatru nidhanam (destruction of the enemy), Atmarakshanam (personal safety) are some of the contents of the first book only. With other 14 books Arthasastra is realy a huge and elaborate work of Chankya which seems to be the indispensable guide for politicians and diplomats even now.
Book 2 is referring the duties of the government superintendents (formation of village, division of land, construction of forts, duty of the chamberlain, revenue collection, revenue collector’s office and code of conducts for the government servants, royal treasury, superintendent of commerce, etc.
While narrating Arthasastra, Kautilya gave attention to even pretty small things. Starting from destruction of enemies to laws, removal of thorns (Rajya nishkantakm), sovereign states, natural calamities, vices, work of invader; basically entire Royal policies has been discussed in Arthasastra.
In the study of economics we get many books written by foreign and as well as Indian scholars. But Arthasastra is unparallel as the single book for versatile discussion on all aspects of diplomatic angles.
| Sanskrit | ||
|---|---|---|
| संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam | ||
| Pronunciation | [sə̃skɹ̩t̪əm] | |
| Spoken in | Greater India, Japan | |
| Total speakers | 14,135 fluent speakers in India as of 2001[1] | |
| Language family | Indo-European
| |
| Writing system | Devanāgarī (de facto), various Brāhmī-based scripts, and Latin alphabet | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | One of the 22 scheduled languages of India | |
| Regulated by | No official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | sa | |
| ISO 639-2 | san | |
| ISO 639-3 | san | |
Documentation for ISO 639 identifier:san
| Identifier: | san |
| Name: | Sanskrit |
| Status: | Active |
| Code sets: | 639-2 and 639-3 |
| Equivalent: | 639-1: sa |
| Scope: | Individual |
| Type: | Ancient |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India.
Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini, around the 4th century BCE. Its position in the cultures of South and Southeast Asia is akin to that of Latin and Greek in Europe and it has significantly influenced most modern languages of Nepal and India.
The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved, its oldest core dating back to as early as 1500 BCE,qualifying Rigvedic Sanskrit as one of the oldest attestation of any Indo-Iranian language, and one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family.
The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and Hindu religious texts. Today, Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals in the forms of hymns and mantras. Spoken Sanskrit is still in use in a few traditional institutions in India, and there are many attempts at revival.
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All about Sanskrit , Discussion Forum, Blogs, Digital Books on Sanskrit. Tuition classes on Sanskrit for students from class II to XII. Join our Discussion Forum Today and spread the knowledge about Sanskrit Language.
K001, Mantri Woodlands
Arakere Gate, Bannerghatta Road
Bangalore, Karnataka 560076
ph: +91 80 26492147
alt: +91 9845393178
kakalirc
